Authors(s): D. D. Gulley and M. Parker

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type:

Location: Laramie Wyoming

Abstract:

Keywords: Grand Teton National Park, limnology, lake, pond, water, insect, fish, entomology, Insecta, Pisces

Authors(s): D. M. Debinski, M. E. Jakubauskas and K. Kindscher

Publication: Predicting Species Occurrences: Issues of Scale and Accuracy

Publisher: Island Press

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type:

Location: Covello California

Abstract:

Keywords: Grand Teton National Park, habitat, animal, bird, ornithology, Aves, Insecta, butterfly, insect, entomology, lepidoptera, population

Authors(s):

Publication:

Publisher: National Research Council, National Academy Press

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type:

Location: Washington DC

Abstract:

Keywords: Greater Yellowstone Area, disease, brucellosis, animal, mammal, ungulate, livestock, elk, wapiti, Cervidae, Cervus elaphus, bison , Bison bison, National Elk Refuge, Jackson Hole, Teton County

Authors(s): J. Johnson

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: annual report

Location:

Abstract: Objectives To determine life history traits of Utah chub collected from Jackson Lake and Two Ocean Lake. These life history data will be compared to that for chubs from six other locations throughout the Bonneville Basin and upper Snake River drainage. Our primary objective is to determine the effects of Cutthroat trout predation on the evolution of life history strategies in Utah chub. We have also taken tissue from chubs collected and will analyze the DNA to determine the relationship between the populations under investigation. Findings and Status Data analysis is not yet complete.

Keywords: animal, fish, Pisces, ichtyhology, chub, Utah chub, Gila atraria , Jackson Lake, Bridger-Teton National Forest, Teton Wilderness, population, Snake River, Jackson Hole, Teton County, trout, Salmonidae, minnow, Cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri, predation

Authors(s): R. Knight, J. Basile, K. Greer, S. Judd, L. Oldenburg and L. Roop

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: annual report

Location:

Abstract: Objectives were to determine: (1) the status and trend of the grizzly bear population, and (2) the use of habitats by bears and the relationship of land management activities to the welfare of the bear population.

Keywords: Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, IGBST, Idaho, Yellowstone National Park, MAJOR TERMS: Bear, Grizzly; /Ursus horribilis/; Population Dynamics; Habitat; Population Distribution; Surveys; Age/Sex Ratios; Mortality; Habitat Management, MINOR TERMS: History; Evaluation; Mapping; Abundance; Wildlife Management; Mapping

Authors(s): J. G. MacCracken, D. Goble and J. O'Laughin

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: Report / Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Policy Analysis Group ; no. 12

Location: Moscow Idaho

Abstract: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Grizzly bear recovery in the lower 48 states is guided by a controversial plan developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) that was revised in 1993. Four of the six grizzly bear recovery areas identified in the plan are at least partially in Idaho. Scientists, resource users, and citizen conservationists are arguing among themselves and with others about the merits of this plan. Controversies about grizzly bear recovery illustrate several shortcomings with implementation of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Some people question the need for listing and recovering distinct population segments of grizzlies, others question whether established measures of population status are adequate to either establish or assess recovery goals, and others question land-use changes enacted by federal agencies responsible for grizzly bear populations and their habitat. To relieve these and other problems, some people are calling for changes in the ESA itself. Such proposals cover a wide range of options and are not reviewed here except in reference to grizzly bears. As perhaps the ultimate challenge of the willingness of humans to make room for other species, as well as a powerful symbol of wilderness for some, grizzly bears epitomize many public land and resource management challenges. As with many debates about the ESA, the issues have less to do with saving individual species or ecosystems than with the relationship of humans to their environment. Grizzly bears do not sustain humans, but grizzly habitat does, and that habitat is biologically richer when occupied by grizzlies. As more and more people inhabit areas in grizzly country, the issues become more difficult. The presence of grizzly bears complicates resource management on federal lands, but it does not mean cessation of all land-use activities. There is evidence that grizzly bears and humans can co-exist to some degree, at least in the short term in some areas. How many bears are enough? No one seems to agree on an answer. What are the alternative approaches for recovering grizzly bears? The current recovery plan calls for continuing efforts to recover grizzly bears in six different areas. Two populations of grizzly bears are very close to meeting their recovery goals and could be proposed for delisting in a few years, while others will continue to be managed following the stipulations in the revised recovery plan. Some populations are not improving, and could either be written off as unrecoverable or have recovery efforts continue into the indefinite future. All grizzly bear populations could be delisted, which could be touted as a great success story for the ESA. None of these actions require modifying the ESA, a law that gives the USFWS broad latitude and flexibility to allow what agency biologists feel is the appropriate set of actions. The revised recovery plan is controversial among those with different scientific as well as resource management perspectives. Some feel the plan is overly restrictive, others feel it is not restrictive enough. Some feel it is trying to do too much in too many areas, others feel it is not doing enough and should have higher population goals and include larger areas. Perhaps these arguments mean the plan is fairly balanced, and therefore the appropriate course of action to pursue under the current laws of the land. Or perhaps the debate means that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to find the balance between economic development and species conservation that is the overall goal of the ESA. As the political scientist James Tobin (1990) said in his analysis of the ESA, "The protection of biological diversity raises fascinating economic, social, political, and institutional issues that will not soon fade." As long as society continues to ask federal biologists to make the decisions, we can expect conservative recovery plans that promote the continued existence of species in as many areas as biologists think are necessary and feasible. OVERVIEW The purpose of this report is to provide information on the reasons for listing grizzly bear populations that occur in Idaho, the goals for delisting, the management and recovery programs designed to reach those goals, the unique interagency bureaucracy associated with these efforts, and the impacts of grizzly bear management and recovery programs on the use of natural resources by humans. We also discuss current controversies and issues that will effect grizzly recovery, attempt to define problems and barriers to recovery in various contexts, and identify some recovery alternatives. This information should be useful to policy makers, agency administrators, managers and researchers, and various interest groups as well as the general public. The hoped-for result is better-informed decisions about grizzly bear recovery in Idaho. Readers will notice that grizzly bear recovery involves many technical issues as well as special language used by biologists and legal experts. Most of these technical or unfamiliar terms are defined in the Glossary contained in this report and readers are encouraged to consult the Glossary when an unfamiliar term is encountered. The symbol ? means section (?? means sections) and is used to refer to portions of the Endangered Species Act, or ESA. The ESA assigns government agencies the responsibility to identify and protect plants and animals that are near extinction. In 1975, six isolated populations of grizzly bears in the conterminous United States (the lower 48) were officially listed as threatened under the ESA. Listing under the ESA not only entitles these species to special protection, but also requires federal agencies to make efforts to recover them to the point where they can be taken off the list of protected species. As the lead agency, the USFWS is required to develop a recovery plan detailing those efforts. This report analyzes planned recovery efforts in Idaho. Grizzly persistence is primarily a function of large land areas where there is little human occupancy and use. In 1975, and currently, the Cabinet/Yaak, Selkirk Mountains, and Yellowstone Grizzly Bear Ecosystems had confirmed populations of grizzlies. Portions of these three ecosystems occur in Idaho. In addition, the Selway-Bitterroot area, most of which is in Idaho, and the North Cascades of Washington were suspected to contain grizzly bears and have habitat characteristics making them suitable as recovery areas. A sixth area, the Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem, has grizzlies and is in Montana. Four Grizzly Bear Ecosystems (Cabinet/Yaak, Selkirk, North Cascades, and Northern Continental Divide) extend into Canada. The degree to which Canadian and United States bears interact is either unknown or inadequately documented. Grizzly bears have been protected in Idaho since 1947 and are on the Idaho Department of Fish and Game's list of threatened and endangered species. Idahoans have decades of experience with grizzly bears and have been actively managing their habitat for more than a decade. Following listing in 1975, the USFWS developed a grizzly bear recovery plan and approved it in 1982. At that time little information on grizzlies was available for the Selkirk Mountains, Selway-Bitterroot, or North Cascades Ecosystems. The goal of the 1982 plan for these three areas was to gather information on their suitability as recovery areas and on the status of those grizzly populations. The first revision of the grizzly bear recovery plan was finalized and approved in September 1993. However, it did not contain chapters on the Bitterroot or North Cascades Ecosystems, which were to be added to the plan later. The Bitterroot Chapter was finalized in July 1994 and has been approved as part of the revised plan. Grizzly bear management and recovery plans did not become major public policy issues in Idaho until 1991, when the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee decided to pursue grizzly recovery in the Selway-Bitterroot area, which had been officially designated the Bitterroot Grizzly Bear Ecosystem. The debate became more heated in 1992 when the draft revision of the grizzly bear recovery plan was released, followed a year later by the draft chapter for the Bitterroot Ecosystem that has since been revised and approved, and awaits implementation. In addition to the recovery plan actions, some environmental groups have called for even more comprehensive measures to protect grizzlies and their habitat. A number of lawsuits, many of them still pending, may change grizzly habitat management on federal lands by making road density standards more stringent. Some suits may also redefine the purpose of the recovery plan. The USFWS states that the recovery plan is advisory in nature and that actual recovery actions will be taken by other federal agencies, specifically the U.S. Forest Service and National Park Service in consultation with the USFWS. Thus, the recovery plan does not set specific standards and guidelines, allocate resources, or initiate actions, and is not subject to environmental analysis under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Some environmental groups and scientists criticize the plan because it does not contain habitat protection and road density standards, which presumably would change the advisory role of the recovery plan and redefine the relationship of the plan to NEPA. Resource user groups?timber, livestock, and recreation?and environmental groups are concerned about the recovery plan, especially the proposal to reintroduce grizzlies to the Bitterroot Ecosystem. Concerns have been expressed about additional access restrictions, delays in timber sales, and potential livestock depredations as well as new and more restrictive regulations, standards, and guidelines. Others believe that even more stringent restrictions than those in the plan are needed to insure grizzly recovery. Human encounters with grizzlies possibly resulting in injuries are also feared. Claims of impending economic disaster from overly restrictive policies are made by some groups and countered by others, leading to confusion and the proliferation of misinformation. As a result of the many concerns and conflicting points of view, the Idaho Legislature created a Grizzly Bear Management Oversight Committee in early 1993 to provide information to Idahoans and increase the involvement of the state in recovery plans and future management programs. In mid-1993 the Advisory Committee of the Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Policy Analysis Group suggested an analysis of grizzly bear recovery plans and management programs specific to Idaho. This report is the result. The Advisory Committee of the Policy Analysis Group suggested six focus questions to guide the analysis. These questions, with short answers, appear in the next section of this Overview. Expanded replies are provided in Chapter 1. Chapters 2 to 6 provide the information base supporting the replies to the focus questions, and contain details on other issues as well. Several alternatives for grizzly bear recovery under the ESA are presented and reviewed in Chapter 7. We do not recommend any particular alternative. Preference for one alternative or another is a function of individual beliefs about different scientific theories, moral questions about the relationship of humans and other species, and political questions reflecting different positions on the relative importance of the social and economic impacts of managing and recovering imperiled species.

Keywords: Grizzly bear, Idaho, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee, IGBC, livestock, Mammal, population, management , population, mortality, animal, mammal, habitat, suburban area, human activity, bear, Ursidae, Ursus arctos horribilis

Authors(s): C. C. Schwartz and M. A. Haroldson

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: annual report

Location: Bozeman Montana

Abstract: It was recognized as early as 1973, that in order to understand the dynamics of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) throughout the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), there was a need for a centralized research group responsible for collecting, managing, analyzing, and distributing information. To meet this need, agencies formed the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team (IGBST), a cooperative effort among the U.S. Geological Survey, National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and the States of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. The responsibilities of the IGBST are to: (1) conduct both short and long-term research projects addressing information needs for bear management, (2) monitor the bear population, including status and trend, numbers, reproduction, and mortality, (3) monitor grizzly bear habitats, foods, and impacts of humans, and (4) provide technical support to agencies and other groups responsible for the immediate and long-term management of grizzly bears in the GYE. Quantitative data on grizzly bear abundance, distribution, survival, mortality, nuisance activity, and bear foods are critical to formulating management strategies and decisions. Moreover, this information is necessary to evaluating the recovery process. The IGBST coordinates data collection and analysis on an ecosystem scale, prevents overlap of effort, and pools limited economic and personnel resources.

Keywords: IGBST, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Yellowstone National Park, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Idaho, animal, mammal, bear, grizzly bear, Ursidae, Ursus arctos horribilis, habitat, population, management, mortality, food, forage, human activity, migration

Authors(s): J. A. Nesser, L. Maynard and D. F. Lund

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: 1 CD Rom

Location: Fort Collins Colorado

Abstract:

Keywords: Ecology, Yellowstone National Park, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Grand Teton National Park, Environmental policy , animal, mammal, habitat

Authors(s): A. Martin

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: annual report

Location:

Abstract: Objectives The goals of this study are to determine the impact of climate change on the biological diversity of alpine plants and insects in the Rocky Mountains and the degree to which national parks may conserve this diversity. These objectives will be accomplished by inferring the shared phylogeographic history of alpine plants and insects through genetic analysis of the geographic structure and history of populations of plant-insect associations throughout the Rockies. This analysis will not only reveal how historic climate change affected population structure, but also permits the identification of national parks that harbor relatively high levels of diversity. First, it must be determined whether independent taxa share a common history. The null hypothesis is that the phylogeographic history of each species is unique. The null predicts no concordance in the timing of diversification events or topography among area cladograms for the different taxa. The alternative hypothesis is that independent taxa share a common history and predicts that co-distributed species will have similar area cladograms. The shared history of taxa will be used to estimate how extrinsic factors contributed to the distribution and diversity of these co-distributed organisms. The null hypothesis is that there is no geographic structure to the distribution of diversity. This hypothesis predicts that geographic lineages are distributed randomly on a phylogenetic tree. Analysis of the historic shifts in the distributions of alpine habitats suggests an alternative hypothesis that the southern Rockies served as a refuge and harbored species for longer periods of time than northern portions of the modern range. This hypothesis predicts that lineages in northern populations will be more recently derived than southern populations and only a fraction of the diversity present in the south will be represented in the north. The Study Taxa In order to acquire a representative sample of the alpine community and incorporate interspecific interactions into the examination of how climate change affected biological diversity, this study will analyze the phylogenetic histories of three specialized plant-insect interactions. These associations 1) range from the southern Rockies where the effects of habitat fragmentation due to climate change are most severe to northern areas that were completely covered by Pleistocene ice sheets, 2) are predominantly influenced by climate, 3) are abundant and play integral roles in the alpine community, 4) are relatively easy to find and collect, and 5) include taxa for which molecular techniques are well developed. Herbaceous plants and insects have been shown to be excellent bio-indicators of climate and environmental change (Ford 1982; Boggs and Murphy 1997). Two pairs of alpine plant-butterfly associations will be used to estimate the geographic distribution of biological diversity. The study organisms are 1) the yellow stonecrop Sedum lanceolatum (Crassulaceae) and the Rocky Mountain Apollo Parnassius phoebus (Papilionidae) and 2) the alpine clover Trifolium dasyphyllum (Fabaceae) and Mead's sulfur Colias meadii (Pieridae). Though the associations are relatively specific, variation in host use occurs throughout each species' range. Findings and Status Study Sites and Collection Specimens of Sedum lanceolatum, Parnassius phoebus, Trifolium dasyphyllum, and Colias meadii were collected from 22 alpine sites throughout the Rocky Mountains, including Glacier National Park, the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Rocky Mountain National Park, and the southern Rockies of Colorado. In Glacier National Park specimens were collected at 1) Numa Pk., 2) Gunsight Mtn., 3) Triple Divide Pk., and 4) Dawson Pass. In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the alpine sites in Yellowstone National Park were on 5) Amethyst Pk and 6) Mt. Washburn, while in Grand Teton National Park specimens were collected from 7) Moose Mtn. and 8) Static Pk. Organisms were collected from alpine tundra in Rocky Mountain National Park on 9) Sundance Mtn. and 10) Long's Pk. Specimens were also collected from eastern slope sites in Idaho including 11) Hyndman Pk and 12) Borah Pk and from potential southern refugia sites in Colorado including: 13) the American Basin, 14) San Luis Pk, 15) Humboldt Pk, 16) Iron Nipple, 17) Mt. Democrat, 18) Mt. Elbert, 19) Mt. Shavano, 20) Quandary Pk, 21) Maroon Pass, and 22) Pike's Pk. In order to obtain an accurate estimate of genetic variation and thus population history, it is necessary to sample DNA from many individuals of each population. Twenty to thirty specimens of each species were collected at each site. Sites were accessed on foot. Butterflies were collected with a net and stored in glassine envelopes. To preserve the organisms and their natural environment, only parts of plants were collected. Leaves were sampled by hand from approximately thirty individuals of each species and stored in plastic bags. Specimens were carried out of the field, transported on ice, and stored at -80oC at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Methods for Assessing Evolutionary Histories and Diversity Nuclear as well as mitochondrial (mtDNA, insect) or chloroplast (cpDNA, plant) DNA was sequenced, in order to develop phylogenetic trees. DNA was extracted from the insects and amplified with specific primers for the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I. DNA was extracted from the plants and amplified with specific primers for the chloroplast intergenic spacers between trnL and trnF and between trnL and trnT. Phylogenetic trees and nested cladeswere generated from DNA sequence polymorphisms to infer hypothetical evolutionary relationships among haplotypes (unique genetic sequences) within each species. Results to Date The strength of the historic signal between the herbivorous insect and its host-plant suggest that biotic factors may be responsible for evolution in these organisms, and that there is a strong potential for co-evolution. Importantly, these findings point to ecological and evolutionary stability of the alpine community. Preliminary analysis revealed significant co-divergence of the host plant (Sedum) and the herbivore (Parnassius) based on topology-based tests (using TreeMap).A preliminary nested clade analysis reveals a geographic distinction between southern Colorado and northern haplotypes; however, too few individuals from each population have been sequenced at this juncture for a rigorous geographic analysis of the clades. This pattern is also evident from the plot of genetic variation with latitude. Though only a few individuals from each population have been analyzed, these data agree with the general trend of rapid northward expansion following deglaciation and contrast the findings of other alpine studies.Together, these preliminary findings support the hypothesis that alpine communities persist in southern refugia and northern were re-colonized following glacial retreat.

Keywords: entomology, animal, insect, population, Grand Teton National Park, Moose Mountain, Static Peak, Yellowstone National Park, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Rocky Mountains, plant, food, butterfly, lepidoptera, Rocky Mountain Apollo, Insecta, Parnassius phoebus, Papilionidae, Colias meadii, Pieridae, Mead's sulfur

Authors(s): K. A. Meyer

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: MS

Location:

Abstract:

Keywords: Rainbow trout , Salmonidae, trout, animal, fish, Pisces, Oncorhychus mykiss, ichthyology, Idaho, Snake River, Henry's Fork, habitat, population, mortality

Authors(s): T. R. Maret and D. S. Ott

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type:

Location: Boise Idaho

Abstract:

Keywords: Organochlorine compound, human activity, Idaho, Environmental aspect, Snake River , Water, Pollution, animal, habitat, fish, ichthyology, Pisces

Authors(s): J. S. Gregory, S. S. Beesley and R. W. Van Kirk

Publication: Freshwater Biology

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type:

Location:

Abstract: 1. The emergence time of Pteronarcys californica in streams in the Henry's Fork catchment, Idaho, U.S.A. was negatively correlated with mean April water temperature. Emergence was in mid- to late May at sites influenced by groundwater, where April water temperature averaged 7.9 ?C. Adults emerged in mid-June in streams receiving run-off from snowmelt (mean April water temperature 5.4 ?C). Intermediate emergence times were observed in a regulated section of river where water temperature was influenced, on one bank, by dam release (mean April water temperature 4.5 ?C) and, on the other, by a spring-fed tributary stream (mean April water temperature 6.3 ?C). 2. During each of the three study years, emergence was earlier on the bank of the regulated section that was warmer during April and May. The mean body length of P. californica exuviae, collected from the warm side of the river, averaged 1.2 mm longer than those collected from the cold side. 3. We tested the effect on emergence of altering springtime water temperature by translocating P. californica in cages from one location to another during April. Individuals moved to sites with higher April water temperature emerged earlier than individuals that remained at the site from which they were collected.

Keywords: emergence, Plecoptera, Snake River, Henry's Fork, temperature manipulation, water temperature, Idaho, insect, entomology, management, fishing, human activity, stonefly, salmonfly, Pteronarcys californica, Insecta

Authors(s): D. Cannon

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type:

Location: Jackson Wyoming

Abstract:

Keywords: Flat Creek, Jackson Hole, Teton County, habitat, animal, fish, ichthyology, Pisces, population

Authors(s): R. W. Smith

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type:

Location:

Abstract:

Keywords: animal, fish, Pisces, ichthyology, Salmonidae, trout, Rainbow trout , Oncorhychus mykiss, Idaho, Snake River, Henry's Fork, mortality, habitat

Authors(s): W. Hubert, R. Gipson, D. Zafft, K. Gelwicks, D. Money, D. Hawk and J. Burckhardt

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: annual report

Location:

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to evaluate possible relationships between spatial variation in channel slope, summer water temperatures, seasonal variation in stream flow, and fine sediment deposition among mainstem river reaches and tributaries to the Salt River and the spatial distribution patterns of age-0 trout and whitefish infected with M. cerebralis and exhibiting clinical and histological signs of whirling disease. The objectives of this study are to: (1) determine to what extent spatial variation in stream habitat features contribute to infection by M. cerebralis and signs of whirling disease, (2) develop a risk assessment tool that will determine where impacts from M. cerebralis may occur, and (3) identify possible management interventions that my circumvent outbreaks of whirling disease within the Salt River watershed. Age-0 salmonids and associated habitat data were collected from 110 locations representing the variety of spatial characteristics within the watershed during summer 2000. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis is being conducted at the WGFD laboratory to determine M. cerebralis infection in individual fish. Histological analysis will be conducted on fish testing positive for M. cerebralis to determine the extent of whirling disease. Spatial analyses will be conducted using multivariate statistics and a GIS.

Keywords: disease, whirling disease, Myxobolus cerebrali, animal, fish, Pisces, ichthyology, Salmonidae, Salt River, Idaho, management, habitat

Authors(s): D. Harper

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: annual report

Location:

Abstract: Objectives The objectives of the study are to identify critical winter habitat used by cutthroat trout in the Snake River Near Jackson, WY, and to determine the patterns of movement during late fall winter. Overwintering habitat is often the limiting factor for salmonids in high elevation streams. We are trying to determine what types of habitat cutthroat trout are using during winter using radiotelemetry. We are also observing and recording the movement patterns of cutthroat trout during winter. If long distance movements are observed, this could be an indication that overwintering habitat is limited in the study area. Data on habitat use and movement will provide resource managers with additional information to make infomed decisions concerning cutthroat management. We radiotagged 30 juvenile cutthroat trout ( less than 300 cm) between Moose and Wilson WY. We also tagged 20 adult cutthroat trout ( greater than 330g) between Deadmans Landing and Moose, WY. Juvenile cutthroat habitat use and movement was monitored by floating the river 3 days per week, from November through mid-February. Findings and Status In September 2000, 30 juvenile cutthroat trout with a mean weight of 231g (range = 159-311g) were implanted with radio transmitters in the Snake River between Moose, Wyoming and the confluence of the Gros Ventre River. An additional 20 cutthroat trout with a mean weight of 478g (range = 333-772g) were implanted with radio transmitters between Deadman's Landing and the confluence of Cottonwood Creek. Starting 21 November 2000, floats were performed weekly to locate tagged fish and record habitat use of juvenile cutthroat between Moose, WY and the South Park Bridge. Tracking was concluded on 7 February 2001, when scheduled battery failure was observed. During 26 days on the river tracking fish, a total of 116 habitat measurements were recorded at the location of 23 different fish. One mortality was confirmed (located transmitter); however 5 radiotagged fish were never located during floating searches. Aerial surveys to locate tagged fish also failed to locate these 5 tagged fish between Palisades Reservoir and Jackson Lake Dam, indicating battery or programming failure with these transmitters. Habitat use by juvenile cutthroat trout appears to be similar to the habitat used by adult cutthroat trout during winter 1998/1999 and 1999/2000. Water and air temperatures were much colder however during winter 2000/2001, and frazil and anchor icing conditions were repeatedly observed. Shelf ice and ice cover over backwater pool areas was also more frequently observed during winter 2000/2001. Backwater pools were selected as overwintering habitat at 65 percent of the recorded habitat measurements. Deep run habitat was selected 34 percent of fish locations, compared with 52 percent during winter 1998/1999 and 1999/2000. This is probably a response to icing conditions displacing fish from run habitat, as anchor ice was regularly observed covering the substrate of riffle and run habitats. Ice cover was observed as the most frequently selected type of cover at fish locations (85 percent ). Movement patterns of juvenile cutthroat trout appear to be in a downstream direction, with most movement occurring following the onset of cold winter water temperatures. Preliminary analysis indicates movement ranging from approximately 500 meters, up to 30 km downstream. Only one fish moved above the location where it was captured and implanted. Adult sized cutthroat trout implanted above Moose were located by float survey on 1 November, and have been tracked by aerial survey on 27 December and 16 February. Fifteen of 20 fish (75 percent ) have not moved beyond 1 km from the location of capture, with an additional 4 fish moving beyond 1km. Two fish have moved upstream a considerable distance (12 and 21 km) with a maximum downstream distance of approximately 6 km. One tagged fish has not been located by float or aerial surveys. It appears that adult sized cutthroat do not move downstream long distances from the upper Snake River above Moose; however, additional float tracking surveys will be conducted in March to validate fish locations.

Keywords: Grand Teton National Park, animal, fish, ichthyology, Pisces, trout, cutthroat trout, Snake River cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri, Jackson Lakehabitat, migration, radio collar, Snake River, Jackson Hole, Teton County, Salmonidae, management, Moose, Wilson, Gros Ventre River, South Park Bridge, Cottonwood Creek, mortality, Palisades Reservoir

Authors(s):

Publication:

Publisher: Yale University Press

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type:

Location: New Haven

Abstract:

Keywords: Yellowstone National Park , Wildlife conservation, Fire , Wildlife , Grand Teton National Park, ecology, management, environmental policy, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Natural history , Biotic community, habitat, animal, mammal

Authors(s): D. Glick, M. Carr and B. Harting

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type:

Location: Bozeman Montana

Abstract:

Keywords: Natural history , Yellowstone National Park , Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Grand Teton National Park, Biotic community, habitat, ecology, animal, mammal

Authors(s): J. J. Craighead

Publication: Fourth International Conference on Bear Research and Management
Bear Biology Association monograph series ; no. 1

Publisher: Bear Biology Association

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type:

Location: Kalispell Montana

Abstract:

Keywords: Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, animal, mammal, carnivore, bear, grizzly bear, Ursidae, Ursus arctos horribilis, habitat, Yellowstone National Park , Grand Teton National Park, Bridger Teton National Forest, management

Authors(s): D. C. Douglas and J. T. Ratti

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: progress report

Location: Pullman WA

Abstract: Avian utilization of streamside riparian habitat in the Centennial Mountains and surrounding areas, Idaho, was sampled during the 1983 breeding season. Data were collected and analyzed under a USDA Forest Service contract (# 538-84M8-3-0058) with Washington State University. This report presents information collected during one season of one year. Washington State University will be collecting a second data set during the 1984 breeding season. These data will be incorporated with the 1983 data set, and a final report will be compiled. Anyone interested in obtaining this report should contact the Wildlife Biology Program at Washington State University. Of the 68 bird species observed utilizing the riparian habitat, associations are described for the 28 most widely abundant species. Each species is addressed in a separate section of the report in phylogenetic order. Since consistent data analyses were applied to all species, we advise the reader to study the section entitled "Interpreting Results." This will develop a better understanding of the figures and tables subsequently presented for each bird species.

Keywords: Idaho, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Centennial Mountains, Targhee National Forest, animal, breeding, bird, Aves, ornithology, habitat, population

Authors(s): T. R. Maret

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type:

Location: Boise Idaho

Abstract:

Keywords: animal, fish, Pisces, ichthyology, Freshwater fish, Snake River , ecology, Idaho, habitat

Authors(s): Idaho Fish & Game

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: annual performance report

Location: Boise Idaho

Abstract:

Keywords: Rainbow trout , Oncorhychus mykiss, Pisces, Salmonidae, trout, animal, fish, ichthyology, Idaho, Snake River, Henry's Fork, management, population

Authors(s): C. Corsi

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: MS

Location: Pocatello Idaho

Abstract:

Keywords: Cutthroat trout , Salmo clarki bouvieri, Pisces, Salmonidae, trout, animal, fish, ichthyology, Idaho , migration, population

Authors(s): C. R. Contor

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: MS

Location:

Abstract:

Keywords: Rainbow trout , Oncorhychus mykiss, Pisces, Salmonidae, trout, animal, fish, ichthyology, Snake River , Henry's Fork, Idaho, habitat

Authors(s): F. B. Edelmann

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: Technical report (University of Idaho. Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station) ; 25.

Location: Moscow Idaho

Abstract:

Keywords: Habitat , Mathematical model, animal, bird, Aves, Centrocercus urophasianu, ornithology , Sage grouse, grouse, Idaho, management, population

Authors(s): L. L. Irwin

Publication: Eighth Wyoming Shrub Ecology Workshop

Publisher: Society for Range Management, the Wildlife Society, WY Agricul. Extension Service, WY Game & Fish Dept., USDA Forest Service, USDA Soil Conser. Service, and USDI BLM

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type:

Location: Jackson Wyoming

Abstract: Literature is cited in a discussion of current fire management in Wyoming, the responses of vegetation and ungulates (e.g., deer, elk, moose) to fire, and socioeconomic considerations.

Keywords: Burning, fire, management, human activity, habitat, wildlife, animal, mammal, game, Study Methods, Management, Population , Forest Practice, Evaluation, Planning, Plant, Browse, food, forage, Changes Beneficial to Wildlife, Socio-Economic Studies, ungulate, Cervidae, Cervus elaphus, Alces alces, Odocoileus hemionus, deer, mule deer, elk, wapiti, moose, hunting

Authors(s): C. Peterson, D. Patla and C. Corkran

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: progress report

Location:

Abstract: Objectives 1. Systematic surveys: Survey potential amphibian breeding habitat in randomly-chosen watershed units (7th level Hydrological Units); identify locations of active amphibian breeding sites and presence of amphibian and reptile species. 2. Targeted species surveys: Visit a subset of previously-identified boreal toad breeding sites to determine if toads continue to breed at these sites. 3. Update species lists for amphibians and reptiles documented in GRTE amd YELL. Findings and Status 1. In GRTE/JODR, we worked in 7 watershed units, conducting surveys at 105 sites, 900 m of river shorelines, and 4,000 m of irrigation canals and ditches. At 68 sites with apparent potential amphibian breeding habitat, 22 sites were occupied by breeding amphibians: tiger salamander (4 sites), boreal chorus frog (14 sites), and Columbia spotted frog (9 sites). No breeding sites were found for boreal toads, although a few individuals were noted at 2 sites in one watershed unit. We surveyed 900 m along the Gros Ventre River, finding no amphibians. At a warm spring site in GRTE, bullfrogs of all life stages were present, and bullfrog tadpoles were found downstream along canals and ditches. No native amphibians were found in the warm springs or in the 4,000 m of canals and ditches that we searched in downstream areas. 2. Boreal Toad surveys: We visited 4 previously-identified boreal toad breeding sites in GRTE/JODR. Reproduction occurred at 3 sites, but was absent from the Colter Bay area of Jackson Lake, presumably due to low reservoir water levels. Toad tadpoles were also found on private land within GRTE boundaries, but are likely to have dispersed to this site from an upstream breeding site probably within the park, location unknown. We found few toad metamorphs at any of the occupied sites. 3. Amphibian species found in GRTE/JODR: Blotched Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum), Boreal Toad (Bufo boreas boreas), Boreal Chorus Frog (Pseudacris maculata), Columbia Spotted Frog (Rana luteiventris), and GRTE only: Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) Reptile species found in GRTE/JODR: Wandering Garter Snake (Thamnophis elegans vagrans). A database with all amphibian and reptile observations and a report were submitted to the NPS GRYE Inventory Program.

Keywords: animal, breeding, herpetology, amphibian, frog, Anura, Bufonidae, Ranidae, Bufonidae, toad, salamander, Caudata, reptile, Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae, lizard, Wyoming, habitat, population, boreal toad, Bufo boreas, Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, Ambystomatidae, boreal chorus frog, Pseudacris triseriata, Columbia spotted frog, spotted frog, Rana luteiventris , Gros Ventre River, Teton County, snake, garter snake, wandering garter snake, Thamnophis elegans vagrans, warm spring, bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, tadpole, Jackson Lake, Blotched Tiger Salamander , Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum

Authors(s): S. Pyare

Publication:

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type: annual report

Location:

Abstract: Objectives 1.To evaluate the presence of lynx in optimal habitat. 2.To evaluate the potential productivity of any lynx that are detected. 3.To understand habitat preferences of lynx. 4.To make management recommendations for lynx conservation. Findings and Status In 2001, we collected 23 hair samples from 72 scented, hair-collection stations in the Berry Creek, Moose Basin, Grassy Lake Road, and Arizona Creek areas of Grand Teton National Park. Six species of carnivores were detected, including 2 felid samples; none were identified as lynx. As in 2000, ursids, particularly grizzly bears, were detected most frequently. The hair-rub survey was effective in detecting a suite of carnivores, including felids. The large majority of our samples, however, were derived from ursids, particularly grizzly bears, and the summer effort has thus far not revealed the presence of lynx. The basic lure we used to detect lynx has been tested and used successfully elsewhere (McDaniel et al. 2000). Although grizzly bears may simply be quite numerous in the region, they may also be highly attracted to our particular lure, possibly confounding our survey efforts. In the near future, we anticipate comparing our results to results from other surveys that utilize different lures in grizzly bear country, such as in Yellowstone National Park. We will subsequently explore the possibility of simultaneously using our preferred lure with other lures that are less attractive to grizzly bears as an option for future hair-rub surveys. Overall, information about the current status of lynx in Wyoming remains scant, despite comprehensive and coordinated efforts by multiple agencies. However, the lack of success in detecting lynx does not imply that survey methods are inadequate, nor is it appropriate to conclude that lynx have disappeared from these areas. Rather, this lack of information may be due to two factors that, taken together, suggest that a short-term focus may be inappropriate for lynx, and that only a multiple-year survey effort will be adequate. First, radiotelemetry data from lynx in the Wyoming Range in southern Wyoming (Wyoming Department of Game and Fish 2000), suggest that lynx may range quite widely in the Greater Yellowstone Area. This may perhaps result from the fact that the quality of lynx habitat may be less than optimal in the region. If wide-ranging behavior is a general characteristic of lynx in Wyoming, this reduces the probability of detection in our specific study area and at any particular time of the year. Second, lynx in the Yellowstone area may be dependent on episodic "flushes" of animals from northern regions, where populations typically exhibit cyclical fluctuations. Hence, lynx in Jackson Hole may soon be emerging from a "low" in population numbers. Conclusion: Low detectability and episodic population phenomena may be characteristic of lynx in the Jackson Hole region. Therefore, lynx surveys should continue for at least another complete year to more accurately evaluate the status of lynx in Jackson Hole. Major changes to the summer (hair-rub) survey protocol are not recommended, however the use of other lures should be explored to minimize attractability to ursids. Winter snow-tracking should be explored as a complementary survey tool.

Keywords: animal, mammal, feline, Felidae, Lynx canadensis, Lynx lynx, lynx, population, habitat, Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, carnivore, Ursidae, Ursos arctos horribilis, bear, grizzly bear, radio collar, Wyoming Range, Jackson Hole, Teton County

Authors(s): S. R. Sullivan, P. E. Bartelt and C. R. Peterson

Publication: Intermountain Journal of Sciences

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type:

Location:

Abstract:

Keywords: animal, amphibian, toad, Bufonidae, Bufo boreas, western toad, Targhee National Forest, Idaho

Authors(s): B. N. McLellan and D. M. Shackleton

Publication: Journa of Applied Ecology

Publisher:

Publication Date: 0000-00-00

Type:

Location:

Abstract: (1) Roads are an integral part of the development of resource-extraction industries. We wanted to know whether grizzly bears were displaced by these roads from adjacent habitats. Over 7 years twenty-seven grizzly bears were captured and radio-collared in 264 km2 of the Rocky Mountains, containing active tree-felling and petrocarbon developments. (2) Most bears used habitats within 100 m of roads less than expected. This is equivalent to a habitat loss of 8.7%. This is significant because many habitats close to roads contain important bear foods. Avoidance of roads was independent of traffic volume, suggesting that even a few vehicles can displace bears. (3) Roads and nearby areas were used at night but avoided in the day. Yearlings and females with cubs used habitats near roads more than other bears. These areas may have been relatively secure because they were avoided by potentially aggressive adult males. (4) Limited data indicated minimal demographic effects during our study, but roads increased access for legal and illegal hunters, the major source of adult grizzly mortality. (5) When roads are developed for resource industries in grizzly bear habitat, the bear population becomes highy vulnerable unless vehicle access and people with firearms are controlled.

Keywords: animal, mammal, bear, Ursidae, grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis, habitat, food, forage, human activity, hunting, radio collar, Rocky Mountains, population, mortality, oil and gas drilling