New citations on winter recreation effects on wildlife

Authors(s): J. Caslick and E. Caslick

Publication: Effects of winter recreation on wildlife of the Greater Yellowstone Area: a literature review and assessment. Report to the Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee. Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.

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Abstract: These are literature citations that were not included in Bennett, L.E. 1995. A review of potential effects of winter recreation on wildlife in Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks: a bibliographic data base. Univ. of Wyo. Coop. Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, Laramie. 108 pp. 1. Alt, K. L. ECOLOGY OF THE BREEDING BALD EAGLE AND OSPREY IN THE GRAND TETON-YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARKS COMPLEX. M. S. thesis. Univ. of Montana. 95 pp. 1980. 2. Anderson, D. L. A WINDOW TO THE NATURAL WORLD: THE DESIGN OF ECOTOURISM FACILITIES. In Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers, eds. K. Lindberg and D. E. Hawkins, 116-153. North Bennington, Vermont: The Ecotourism Society. 1993. Emphasis on design to reduce environmental impacts and enhance visitors? satisfaction and awareness of the environment. 3. Anderson, S. H. RECREATIONAL DISTURBANCE AND WILDLIFE POPULATIONS. In R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller, eds. Wildlife and Recreation: Coexistence Through Management and Research. Island Press. Washington, D.C. 1995. 4. Anthony, A. and E. Ackerman. EFFECTS OF NOISE ON THE BLOOD EOSINOPHIL LEVELS AND ADRENALS OF MICE. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 27(6):1144-1149. 1955. 5. Anthony, R. G., R. J. Steidl, and K. McGarigal. RECREATION AND BALD EAGLES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. In: Wildlife and Recreation: Coexistence Through Management and Research, R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller, eds., pp. 223-241. Island Press. Washington, D.C. 1995. Human disturbance is most serious for eagles that depend on large fish or mammal carcasses as their major food source. 6. Baldwin, F. M. THE OFF-ROAD VEHICLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY; A REPORT ON THE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, PARTICULARLY SNOWMOBILES, WITH SUGGESTED POLICIES FOR THEIR CONTROL. The Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C. 52 pp. 1970. Clearly the effective way to protect fish and wildlife is not by restricting hunting or harassment alone, but by banning these vehicles from important habitats (p.25). 7. Baldwin, M. F. and D. H. Stoddard, Jr. THE OFF-ROAD VEHICLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY: AN UPDATED REPORT ON THE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, PARTICULARLY SNOWMOBILES, WITH SUGGESTED POLICIES FOR THEIR CONTROL. 2nd ed. Conservation Foundation. Washington, D.C. 61 pp. 1973. 8. Bayfield, N. G. SOME EFFECTS OF WALKING AND SKIING ON VEGETATION AT CAIRNGORM. J. Applied Ecology 7:469-485. 1970. 9. Beier, P. DETERMINING MINIMUM HABITAT AREAS AND HABITAT CORRIDORS FOR COUGARS. Conser. Biol. 7:94-108. 1993. 10. Bennett, L. E. A REVIEW OF POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF WINTER RECREATION ON WILDLIFE IN GRAND TETON AND YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARKS: A BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE. Final Report. Mimeo. Sponsored by U.S. National Park Service in cooperation with Univ. of Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Laramie. 141 pp. 1973. 11. Berry, K. H. A REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES ON BIRDS AND OTHER VERTEBRATES. In: Management of Western Forests and Grasslands for Nongame Birds. Workshop Proceedings. U.S. For. Srv., Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-86, pp. 451-467. 1980. 12. Bess, F. H. THE EFFECT OF SNOWMOBILE NOISE ON THE HEARING MECHANISM. Proceedings of the 1971 Snowmobile and Off-Road Vehicle Research Symposium. Sponsored by the Dept. of Park and Recreation Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 1971. 13. Bissell, L. P. THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IMPACT OF SNOWMOBILES. In: Proceedings 3rd International Snowmobile Congress, Portland, Maine. pp.58-62. 1970. 14. Bjarvall, A. NORTH AMERICAN STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF SNOWMOBILES ON FAUNA. Flora Fauna. 1974. 15. Blangley, S. and M. E. Wood. DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING ECOTOURISM GUIDELINES FOR WILDLANDS AND NEIGHBORING COMMUNITIES. In: Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers, K. Lindberg and D. E. Hawkins, eds., pp. 32-54. North Bennington, Vermont; The Ecotourism Society. 1993. 16. Bollinger, J. G., O. J. Rongstad, A. Soom, and R. G. Eckstein. SNOWMOBILE NOISE EFFECTS ON WILDLIFE. 1972-1973 report. Engineering Exp. Sta., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison. 85pp. 1973. 17. Boucher, J. and T. A. Tattar. SNOWMOBILE IMPACT ON VEGETATION. Forest Notes 120:27-28. 1974. 18. Bowles, A. E. RESPONSES OF WILDLIFE TO NOISE. In: Wildlife and Recreation: Coexistence Through Management and Research, R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller, eds., pp. 109-156. Island Press. Washington, D.C. 1995. 19. Bowles, A. B. Tabachnick, and S. Fidell, eds. REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT OVERFLIGHTS ON WILDLIFE. National Park Service, Report No. 7500. 373 pp. 1991. This three-volume compilation, with bibliography, reviews various studies conducted on the effects of aircraft noise on wildlife. A summary draws conclusions. Includes general disturbance factors. 20. Boyce, M. S. POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23:481-506. 1992. 21. Boyle, S. A. and F. B. Samson. EFFECTS OF NONCONSUMPTIVE RECREATION ON WILDLIFE: A REVIEW. Wildlife Society Bull. 13(2):110-116. 1985. A literature review of 536 references which showed negative effects for most types of recreational activity. Suggests four management alternatives including ?sacrifice? areas. 22. Boyle, S. A. and F. B. Samson. EFFECTS OF NONCONSUMPTIVE RECREATION ON WILDLIFE: A REVIEW. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 13:110-116. 1985. 23. Burkey, T. V. EXTINCTION IN NATURE RESERVES: THE EFFECT OF FRAGMENTATION AND THE IMPORTANCE OF MIGRATION BETWEEN RESERVE FRAGMENTS. Oikos 55:75-81. 1989. 24. Bury, R. EFFECTS OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES ON DESERT VERTEBRATES. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 56(2):40. 1975. 25. Bury, R. B., R. A. Luckenbach, and S. D. Busak. EFFECTS OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES ON VERTEBRATES IN CALIFORNIA. USDI Fish & Wildlife Service. 1977. Compared 8 paired sites. ORV use areas had significantly fewer species of vertebrates, reduced numbers of individuals and lower reptile and small mammal biomass. Censuses also showed decreased diversity, density, and biomass estimates of breeding birds in ORV used areas. 26. Cannon, H. L. and J. M. Bowles. CONTAMINATION OF VEGETATION BY TETRAETHYL LEAD. Science 137:765-766. 1988. 27. Cassirer, E. F. RESPONSES OF ELK TO DISTURBANCE BY CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS IN NORTHERN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow. 101 pp. 1990. 28. Chappel, R. W. and R. J. Hudson. PREDICTION OF ENERGY EXPENDITURES BY ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIGHORN SHEEP. Can. J. Zool. 58:1908-1912. 1980. 29. Cole, D. N. and P. B. Landres. INDIRECT EFFECTS OF RECREATIONISTS ON WILDLIFE. In: Wildlife and Recreation: Coexistence Through Management and Research, R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller, eds., pp. 183-202. Island Press. Washington, D.C. 1995. 30. Cole, D. L. and R. L. Knight. WILDLIFE PRESERVATION AND RECREATIONAL USE: CONFLICTING GOALS OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT. Tran. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf. 56:233-237. 1991. 31. Cole, G. F. GRIZZLY BEAR - ELK RELATIONSHIPS IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 36(2):556-561. 1972. 32. Cooke, A. S. OBSERVATIONS ON HOW CLOSE CERTAIN PASSERINE SPECIES WILL TOLERATE AN APPROACHING HUMAN IN RURAL AND SUBURBAN AREAS. Biological Conservation 18:85. 1980. 33. Craighead, J. J., G. Atwell and B. W. O?Gara. ELK MIGRATIONS IN AND NEAR YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. Wildl. Monog. 29. 48 pp. 1972. 34. Davy, B. A. and B. H. Sharp. CONTROL OF SNOWMOBILE NOISE. Environmental Protection Agency, Ofc. of Noise Abatement and Control. Springfield, VA. 1984. 35. deGroot, R. W. TOURISM AND CONSERVATION IN THE GALAPAGOS. Biological Conservation 26:291-300. 1983. 36. Despain, D. D. Houston, M. Meagher, and P. Schullery. WILDLIFE IN TRANSITION: MAN AND NATURE ON YELLOWSTONE?S NORTHERN RANGE. Roberts Rinehart. Boulder, Colo. 142 pp. 1986. 37. Dice, E. F. EFFECTS OF SNOWMOBILING ON ALFALFA, TREES (PINUS RESINOSA, PINUS BANKSIANA) AND SOIL BACTERIA. Ext. Bull. Michigan State Coop. Ext. Serv. East Lansing, Mich. 1976. 38. Dixon, K. R. and J. A. Chapman. HARMONIC MEAN MEASURE OF ANIMAL ACTIVITY AREAS. Ecology 6:1040-1044. 1980. 39. Doan, K. H. EFFECT OF SNOWMOBILES ON FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES. Int. Assoc. Game Fish Conservation Commissioners Convention 60:97-103. New York. 1970. 40. Driver, B. L. and P. J. Brown. THE OPPORTUNITY SPECTRUM CONCEPT AND BEHAVIORAL INFORMATION IN OUTDOOR RECREATION SUPPLY INVENTORIES: A RATIONALE. In: Integrated Inventories and Renewable Natural Resources. Proceedings of the Workshop, eds. Lund, H.G. et al., 24-31. General Tech. Report RM-55. Fort Collins, Colo. U.S. Dept. Agric., Forest. 1978. 41. Dufour, P. EFFECTS OF NOISE ON WILDLIFE AND OTHER ANIMALS. Memphis State University, for United States Environmental Protection Agency, NTID 300.5. 1971. Data for domestic and laboratory animals was extrapolated for wildlife. Potential impacts included masking of signals and calls. Chronic exposure could result in physiological and behavioral changes. Effects would most likely be cumulative. 42. Dunning, J. B., B. J. Danielson, and H. R. Pulliam. ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES THAT AFFECT POPULATIONS IN COMPLEX LANDSCAPES. Oikos 65:169-175. 1992. 43. Eckstein, R. G. and O. J. Rongstad. EFFECTS OF SNOWMOBILES ON THE MOVEMENTS OF WHITE-TAILED DEER IN NORTHERN WISCONSIN. Proc. Midwest Fish and Wildl. Conf. 35-39. 1973. 44. Elgmark, K. and A. Langeland. POLLUTED SNOW IN SOUTHERN NORWAY DURING WINTERS 1968-1971. Environ. Pollution 4:41-52. 1973. 45. Enger, P. S. , H. E. Karlsen, F. R. Knudsen, and O. Sand. DETECTION AND REACTION OF FISH TO INFRASOUND. ICES Marine Sciences Symposia 196:108-112. 1993. 46. Erlich, P. R. EXTINCTION: WHAT IS HAPPENING NOW AND WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE. In: Dynamics of Extinction, D. K. Elliott, ed., pp. 157-164. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1986. 47. Fahrig, L. and G. Merriam. HABITAT PATCH CONNECTIVITY AND POPULATION SURVIVAL. Ecology 66:1762-1768. 1985. 48. Fay, R. R. HEARING IN VERTEBRATES: A PSYCHOPHYSICS DATABOOK. Hill-Fay Associates. Winnetka, Ill. 621 pp. 1988. 49. Ferguson, M. A. D. and L. B. Keith. INFLUENCE OF NORDIC SKIING ON DISTRIBUTION OF MOOSE AND ELK IN ELK ISLAND NATIONAL PARK, ALBERTA. Can. Field-Nat. 99:69-78. 1982. 50. Ferrin, R. S. and G. P. Coltharp. LEAD EMISSIONS FROM SNOWMOBILES AS A FACTOR IN LEAD CONTAMINATION OF SNOW. Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 51(1):116-118. 1974. 51. Fletcher, J. L. and R. G. Busnel, eds. EFFECTS OF NOISE ON WILDLIFE. Academic Press, Inc., New York. 1978. Several papers, including a symposium on the effects on wildlife, quantifying the acoustic dose when determining the effects of noise on wildlife, and a perspective of government and public policy regarding noise and animals. 52. Foin, T. C., E. O. Garton, C. W. Bowen, J. M. Everingham, R. O. Schultz, and B. Holton, Jr. QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF VISITOR IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENTS OF YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA, AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR PARK MANAGEMENT POLICY. Journal of Environmental Management 5:1-22. 1977. 53. Foresman, C. L., D. K. Ryerson, R. F. Johannes, W. H. Paulson, R. E. Rand, G. H. Tenpas, D. A. Schlough, and J. W. Pendleton. EFFECTS OF SNOWMOBILE TRAFFIC ON NON-FOREST VEGETATION: SECOND REPORT. School of Natural Resources, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc. 1973. 54. Gabrielsen, G. W. and E. N. Smith. PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF WILDLIFE TO DISTURBANCE. In: Wildlife and Recreation: Coexistence Through Management and Research, R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller, eds., pp. 95-107. Island Press. Washington, D.C. 1995. 55. Garrott, R. A. G. White, R. M. Bartman, L. H. Carpenter, and A. W. Alldredge. MOVEMENTS OF FEMALE MULE DEER IN NORTHWEST COLORADO. Journal of Wildl. Mgmt. 51(3). 1987. Migration was strongly correlated to winter severity. Demonstrated strong fidelity to summer and winter ranges. Fidelity of individual movement patterns is long term, possibly for life. 56. Geist, V. BEHAVIOR. In: Big Game of North America: Ecology and Management, J. L. Schmidt and D. C. Gilbert, eds., pp. 283-296. Stackpole Books. Harrisburg, Penn. 494 pp. 1978. 57. Gilpin, M. E. SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND POPULATION VIABILITY. In: Viable Populations for Conservation, M. E. Soule, ed., pp. 124-139. Cambridge University Press. 1987. 58. Gipson, P. S. ABORTION AND CONSUMPTION OF FETUSES BY COYOTES FOLLOWING ABNORMAL STRESS. Southwestern Naturalist 21:558-559. 1970. 59. Graefe, A. R., F. R. Kruss, and J. J. Vaske. VISITOR IMPACT MANAGEMENT: THE PLANNING FRAMEWORK. National Parks and Conservation Association. Washington, D.C. 105 pp. 1990. 60. Graefe, A. R., F. R. Krass, and J. J. Vaske. VISITOR IMPACT MANAGEMENT. Vols. I and II. National Parks and Conservation Association. Washington, D.C. 1990. 61. Graul, W. D. and G. C. Miller. STRENGTHENING ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT APPROACHES. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 12:282-289. 1984. 62. Gray, J. A. PSYCHOLOGY OF FEAR AND STRESS, 2ND ED. Cambridge University Press. New York. 1987. 63. Greer, T. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SNOWMOBILES: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. Univ. of Oregon, Portland, Ore. 1979. 64. Gregory, S. V., F. J. Swanson, W. A. McKee, and K. W. Cummins. AN ECOSYSTEM PERSPECTIVE OF RIPARIAN ZONES. BioScience 41:540-551. 1991. 65. Greller, A. M., et al. SNOWMOBILE IMPACT ON THREE ALPINE TUNDRA PLANT COMMUNITIES. Environmental Conservation 1(2):101-110. 1974. 66. Gutzwiller, K. J. RECREATIONAL DISTURBANCE AND WILDLIFE COMMUNITIES. In: Wildlife and Recreation: Coexistence Through Management and Research, R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller, eds., pp. 169-181. Island Press. Washington, D.C. 1995. 67. Gutzwiller, K. J. RECREATIONAL DISTURBANCE AND WILDLIFE COMMUNITIES. In: Wildlife and Recreation: Coexistence Through Management and Research, R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller, eds., pp. 169-181. Island Press. Washington, D.C. 1995. 68. Hagen, A. and A. Langeland. POLLUTED SNOW IN SOUTHERN NORWAY AND THE EFFECT OF THE MELTWATER ON FRESHWATER AND AQUATIC ORGANISMS. Environ. Pollution 5:45-57. 1973. 69. Haines, H. E. J. SNOWMOBILES IN YELLOWSTONE: BIOMASS ALTERNATIVES TO REDUCE POLLUTION. Montana Dept. of Environmental Quality. Survey of Visitor Impact on Wildlife. Curtis Canyon Area, National Elk Refuge, Jackson, Wyo. 1984. 70. Hammitt, W. E. and D. N. Cole. WILDLAND RECREATION: ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT. John Wiley and Sons. New York. 71. Hare, C. T. and K. J. Springer. SNOWMOBILE ENGINE EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT. Office of Air and Water Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, Southwest Research Institute. San Antonio, Tex. 1974. 72. Harris, L. D. and P. B. Gallagher. NEW INITIATIVES FOR WILDLIFE CONSERVATION: THE NEED FOR MOVEMENT CORRIDORS. In: Conservation Biology: The Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation, Preservation, and Management, P. L. Fiedler and S. K. Jain, eds., pp. 197-237. Chapman and Hall. New York. 1989. 73. Harrison, R. T. PREDICTING SNOWMOBILE ACOUSTIC IMPACT ON RECREATIONISTS. U. S. For. Ser. Equp. Dev. Center, ED&T Project No. 9227. San Dimas, Calif. 1980. 74. Hartmata, A. R. GREATER YELLOWSTONE BALD EAGLE MANAGEMENT PLAN. Greater Yellowstone Bald Eagle Working Group, Wyo. Game and Fish Dept., Lander, Wyo. 47 pp. 1996. 75. Hendee, J. C., G. H. Stankey, and R. C. Lucas. WILDERNESS MANAGEMENT. Misc. Publ. No. 1365. USFS, Dept. of Agric. 38 pp. 1978. 76. Henry, W. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VISITOR USE AND CAPACITY FOR KENYA?S AMBOSELI NATIONAL PARK. Ph.D. Dissertation. Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University. 1980. 77. Horney, R. L. SNOWMOBILING: GUIDELINES, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, LEGISLATION, PROGRAMMING. National Recreation and Park Association. Washington, D.C. 1970. 78. Hudson, R. J. and R. J. Christopherson. MAINTENANCE METABOLISM. In: Bioenergetics of Wild Herbivores, R. J. Hudson and R. G. White, eds. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Fla. 314 pp. 1986. 79. Irwin, L. and J. Peek. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROAD CLOSURES AND ELK BEHAVIOR IN NORTHERN IDAHO. University of Idaho and USDA Forest Service, Technical Report. 1979. 80. Ittner, R. D., D. R. Potter, J. K. Agee, and S. Anschell, eds. Conf. Proceedings: RECREATIONAL IMPACTS ON WILDLANDS. U. S. For. Serv. and U. S. Natl. Park Serv., R-6-001. Seattle, Wash. 341 pp. 1979. 81. Jacobsen, N. K. ALARM BRADYCARDIA IN WHITE-TAILED DEER FAWNS. Jour. of Mammalogy 60:343-349. 1979. The near approach of humans will cause newborn fawns to drop to the ground. After 2 weeks old, the same stimulus will cause them to run. 82. Jarvinen, J. A. and W. D. Schmidt. SNOWMOBILE USE AND WINTER MORTALITY OF SMALL MAMMALS. In: Proceedings of the 1971 Snowmobile and Off the Road Vehicle Research Symposium, M. Chubb, ed., pp. 130-140, Tech. Rep. No. 8, Recreation Research and Planning Unit, Dept. Park and Recreation Resour. Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. 196 pp. 1971. Study area: Minnesota. Used traps. Meadow vole, short-tailed shrew, white-footed mouse, ground squirrel, masked shrew and spotted skunk. Study showed increased mortality of small mammals, destroyed subnivean air spaces. Also a possibility of toxic air trapped in snow. Even conservative levels of snowmobiling on trails is destructive to wintering small mammals. 83. Johnson, T. H. RESPONSES OF BREEDING PEREGRINE FALCONS TO HUMAN STIMULI. In: Proc. Southwest Raptor Management Symposium and Workshop, Gilinski et al., eds. National Wildlife Federation. Washington, D.C. 1988. 84. Keddy, P. A., A. J. Spaovld, and C. J. Keddy. SNOWMOBILE IMPACT ON OLD FIELD AND MARSH VEGETATION IN NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY. Environmental Management 3:409-415. 1979. 85. Keller, S. R. and J. K. Berry. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HUMAN/ANIMAL RELATIONS. Univ. Press of America. Lanham, MD. 1985. 86. King, M. M. and G. W. Workman. RESPONSE OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP TO HUMAN HARASSMENT: MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 51:74-85. 1986. 87. Kirby, R. E. IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITY UPON WILDLIFE AND WILDLIFE HABITAT. Statement of Work, Office Info. Transfer, Res. and Develop., U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. 3 pp. 1985. 88. Kirkpatrick, C. M., ed. PROCEEDINGS: WILDLIFE AND PEOPLE. Dept. For. Nat. Resour., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 191 pp. 1985. 89. Knight, R. L. and S. K. K. Skagen. EFFECTS OF RECREATIONAL DISTURBANCE ON BIRDS OF PREY: A REVIEW. In: Proceedings of the Southwest Raptor Management Symposium and Workshop, L. Glinski et al., eds., pp. 355-359. National Wildlife Federation. Washington, D.C. 1988. 90. Knight, R. L. and D. N. Cole. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE WILDLIFE RESPONSES TO RECREATIONISTS. In: Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence Through Management and Research, R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller, eds., pp. 71-79. 1995. 91. Knight, R. L. and K. J. Gutzwiller, eds. WILDLIFE AND RECREATIONISTS: COEXISTENCE THROUGH MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH. Island Press. Washington, D.C. 372 pp. 1995. Note: new. Physiological and psychological responses, indirect effects, management strategies, case histories, ethics, historical perspectives. 92. Knight, S. K. and R. L. Knight. VIGILANCE PATTERNS OF BALD EAGLES FEEDING IN GROUPS. Auk 103:263-272. 1986. 93. Kopischke, E. D. EFFECTS OF SNOWMOBILE ACTIVITY ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF WHITE-TAILED DEER IN SOUTH CENTRAL MINNESOTA. Dept. Nat. Res. Game Research Proj. Rept. 1972. 94. Krueger, C. D. J. Decker, and T. A. Gavin. A CONCEPT OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: AN APPLICATION TO UNICORNS. Trans. Northeast Sect. Wildl. Soc. 43:50-56. 1986. A simplified, idealized conceptual model for resource management. 95. Kugler, B. A. and D. S. Barber. A METHOD FOR MEASURING WILDLIFE NOISE EXPOSURE IN THE FIELD (Abstract). Journ. of the Acoustical Society of America 93(4):2378. 1993. 96. Kuss, F. R., A. R. Graefe, and J. J. Vaske. VISITOR IMPACT MANAGEMENT: A REVIEW OF RESEARCH. National Parks and Conservation Association. Washington, D.C. 362 pp. 1990. 97. Lacey, R. M., R. S. Baran, W. D. Severinghaus, and D. J. Hunt. EVALUATION OF LANDS FOR RECREATIONAL SNOWMOBILE USE (GUIDELINES FOR NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND LAND USE COMPATIBILITY). Construction Engineering Research Lab.(Army). Champaign, Ill. 1981. 98. Lee, M. E., D. R. Field, and K. Schwarzkopf. PEOPLE, HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND ANIMALS IN PARKS AND PRESERVES: A WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY. Natl. Park Serv., Coop. Park Stud. Unit Publ. CPSU/OSU 84-11. Coll. For., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 35 pp. 1984. 99. Lieb, J. W. ACTIVITY, HEART RATE, AND ASSOCIATED ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN ELK OF WESTERN MONTANA. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Montana, Missoula. 200 pp. 1981. 100. Lindberg, K. and D. E. Hawkins, eds. ECOTOURISM: A GUIDE FOR PLANNERS AND MANAGERS. The Ecotourism Society. North Bennington, Vermont. 1993. 101. Lindenmayer, D. B. and H. A. Nix. ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE DESIGN OF WILDLIFE CORRIDORS. Conservation Biology 7:627-630. 1973. 102. Lodico, N. J. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. USDI Office of the Secretary, Washington, D.C. 1973. 103. Lyon, L. J. ROAD DENSITY MODELS DESCRIBING HABITAT EFFECTIVENESS FOR ELK. Journal of Forestry, September:592-595. 1983. Forest roads evoke an avoidance response by elk. 104. MacAarthur, R. H. and E. O. Wilson. THEORY OF ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY. Princeton University Press. Princeton, N.J. 1967. 105. MacNab, J. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AS SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTATION. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 11:397-401. 1983. 106. Maldague, M. IMPACT OF SNOWMOBILES ON THE FOREST ENVIRONMENT. Forest Conservation 39(9):6-8. 1973. 107. Manfredo, M. J., J. J. Vaske, and D. J. Decker. HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT: BASIC CONCEPTS. In: Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence Through Management and Research, R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller, eds., pp. 17-31. Island Press. Washington, D.C. 1995. 108. Manning, R. E. IMPACTS OF RECREATION ON RIPARIAN SOILS AND VEGETATION. Water Resources Bulletin 50:30-43. 1979. 109. Manuwal, D. A. EFFECT OF MAN ON MARINE BIRDS: A REVIEW. In: Proc. Wildlife and People, C. M. Kirkpatrick, ed., pp. 140-160. Purdue Res. Foundation. West Lafayette, Ind. 1978. 110. Marshall, O. PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF SNOWMOBILE COMPACTION ON SOME TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES. Amer. Zool. 1972. 111. Masyk, W. J. SNOWMOBILE, A RECREATION TECHNOLOGY IN BANFF NATIONAL PARK; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND DECISION-MAKING. Univ. of Calgary; The Univ. of Western Ontario, London, Ontario. 1973. 112. Mayes, A. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF FEAR AND ANXIETY. In: Fear in Animals and Man, W. Sluckin, ed., pp. 24-55. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, N.Y. 1979. Physiological and behavioral responses to disturbance. 113. McCool, S. F. SNOWMOBILES, ANIMALS, AND MAN: INTERACTIONS AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES. Trans. North Amer. Wildl. and Nat. Resour. Conf. 43:140-148. 1978. 114. McCool, S. F. SNOWMOBILES, ANIMALS, AND MAN: INTERACTIONS AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES. The Wildlife Management Institute. Washington, D.C. 23 pp. 1978. 115. McCool, S. F. and B. Curtis. SOURCES OF CONFLICT AMONG WINTER RECREATIONISTS. In: Proc. North American Symposium on Dispersed Winter Recreation, pp. 73-77. Univ. of Minn. Office of Spec. Prog., Educ. Ser. 2-3. 1980. 116. Meagher, M. S. Cain, T. Toman, J. Kropp, and D. Bosman. BISON IN THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE AREA: STATUS, DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT. Paper presented at the National Brucellosis Symposium, Jackson Hole, Wyo., September. 1994. 117. Meagher, M. THE BISON OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK: PAST AND PRESENT. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley. 172 pp. 1970. 118. Meagher, M. RANGE EXPANSION BY BISON OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. Journal of Mammal. 70:670-675. 1989. Bison use of plowed roads, an increase in numbers, acquired knowledge of new foraging areas, and the natural gregariousness of bison contributed to range expansion. 119. Meagher, M. WINTER WEATHER AS A POPULATION REGULATING INFLUENCEON FREE-RANGING BISON IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. In: Research in Parks, Transactions of the National Park Centennial Symposium of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Dec. 28-29, 1971. Ser. No. 1. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 232 pp. 1976. 120. Meagher, M. WINTER RECREATION-INDUCED CHANGES IN BISON NUMBERSAND DISTRIBUTION IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. Draft, report to management, unpublished. 48 pp. 1993. Research Library, vertical files, Yellowstone Park, Wyoming. Snow-packed roads used for winter recreation in the interior of the park appeared to be the major influence in major changes that occurred in bison numbers and distribution in Yellowstone, during the past decade. The entire bison population is involved, effects will ultimately occur on the ecosystem level. Range expansion, major shifts among subpopulations, mitigation of winterkill, and enhanced calf survival have resulted. 121. Meagher, M. WINTER RECREATION-INDUCED CHANGES IN BISON NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. Unpublished. 1993. 122. Mietz, J. D. SNOWMOBILE IMPACT ON FOREST VEGETATION AT HEIBERG FOREST,NEW YORK. State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, N.Y. 1974. 123. Miller, S. G. and R. L. Knight. IMPACTS OF RECREATIONAL TRAILS ON AVIAN COMMUNITIES. In: Abstracts from the Society of Conservation Biology Meeting. Dept. of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.1995. 124. Moen, A. N., S. Whittemore, and B. Buxton. EFFECTS OF DISTURBANCE BY SNOWMOBILES ON HEART RATE OF CAPTIVE WHITE-TAILED DEER (Odocoileus virginianus). New York Fish and Game Journal 29(2):176-183. 1982. 125. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT. Montana Snowmobile Grant Program. Prepared by Statewide Trails Program Coordinator, Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 1420 E. Sixth Ave., Helena, Mont. 59620. 1993. 126. Montopoli, G. L. and D. A. Anderson. LOGISTICAL MODEL FOR THE CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF HUMAN INTERVENTION ON BALD EAGLE HABITAT. Jour. Wildl.Manage. 55:290-293. 1991. 127. Morrison, J. R. EFFECTS OF SKI AREA EXPANSION ON ELK AND ACCURACY OF TWO TELEMETRY SYSTEMS IN MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN. M. S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. 98 pp. 1992. text continued on website

Keywords: bibliography, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Yellowstone National Park, Grand Teton National Park, wildlife, management, human activity, animal, mammal, population, mortality, habitat, carnivore, Mustelidae, wolverine, Gulo gulo, Lynx, Lynx Canadensis, Lynx lynx, Bobcat, Felis rufus, Felidae, feline, fisher, Martes pennanti, den, denning, coyote, Canidae, canine, Canis latrans, mountain lion, cougar, puma, Felis concolor, Fish, Pisces, Aves, passerine , perching , Passiformes, bird, nest, nesting, waterfowl, water bird, Anatidae, Eagle, Bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Raptor, Ungulate, Cervidae, Deer, Whitetailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, Bison, Bison bison, Elk, Wapiti, Cervus elaphus, mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, distribution, swan, trumpeter swan, Olor buccinator, magpie, black-billed magpie, Pica pica, sheep, bighorn sheep, Ovis Canadensis, osprey, mouse, Muridae, rodent, Rodentia, Cougar , Puma concolor, Ursidae, Ursus arctos horribilis, Bear, Grizzly bear, migration