Selected literature citations from Bennett 1995 and New Citations from Caslick 1997 on Winter Recreation Effects on Wildlife __________________________ 1Bennett, L.E. 1995. A review of potential effects of winter recreation on wildlife in Grand Teton an

Authors(s): J. Caslick and E. Caslick

Publication: Effects of winter recreation on wildlife of the Greater Yellowstone Area: a literature review and assessment. Report to the Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee. Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.

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Publication Date: 0000-00-00

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Location: Yellowstone National Park Wyoming

Abstract: 1. Aasheim, R. SNOWMOBILE IMPACTS ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. in: R. N. L. Andrews; and P. F. Nowak, eds. Off-road Vehicle use: A Management Challenge; Conf. Proc., 16-18 March 1980. Ann Arbor, MI. 1980. Snowmobiling and its impacts on natural environments in Montana are described. Studies of impacts on deer and elk have produced conflicting results, but there is little doubt that additional stress in winter is undesirable. Animals accustomed to humans are less affected by snowmobiles than animals in more remote areas. Effects on small mammals and possible effects of packed snowmobile trails are discussed. 2. Adams, E. S. EFFECTS OF LEAD AND HYDROCARBONS FROM SNOWMOBILE EXHAUST ON BROOK TROUT (Salvalinus fontinalis). Trans. Amer. Fish Soc.; 104(2):363-373. 1975. Field and lab study on fingerling brook trout. 3. Allbrecht, J.; and D. Smith. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PUBLICATIONS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA FORESTRY LIBRARY. Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul Campus Libraries, For. Serv. Libr. Bibligr. Ser. 2. 9 pp. 1977. *Bibliography. 4. Alldredge, R. B. SOME CAPACITY THEORY FOR PARKS AND RECREATION AREAS. National Park Service Reprint. 1972. 5. Allen, J. N. *THE ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF THE LONG-BILLED CURLEW IN SOUTHEASTERN WASHINGTON. Wildl. Monogr. 73:1-67. 1980. 6. Allen, R. P. *THE WHOOPING CRANE. National Audubon Society, Rep. 3, New York. 246 pp. 1952. 7. Allendorf, F. W.; and C. Serveen. *GENETICS AND THE CONSERVATION OF GRIZZLY BEARS. Trends in Ecol. and Evol.; 1:88-89. 1986. 8. Alt, K. L. ECOLOGY OF THE BREEDING BALD EAGLE AND OSPREY IN THE GRAND TETON-YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARKS COMPLEX. M. S. thesis. Univ. of Montana. 95 pp. 1980. 9. Altman, M. THE FLIGHT DISTANCE IN FREE-RANGING BIG GAME. J. Wildl. Manage.; 22(2):207-209. 1958. The distance at which free-ranging elk and moose would flee from humans varied with habitat, social groupings, nutrition, reproductive status, and specific experience of individual animals of the group (Ream 1980). 10. Anderson, D. L. A WINDOW TO THE NATURAL WORLD: THE DESIGN OF ECOTOURISM FACILITIES. In Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers, eds. K. Lindberg and D. E. Hawkins, 116-153. North Bennington, Vermont: The Ecotourism Society. 1993. Emphasis on design to reduce environmental impacts and enhance visitors? satisfaction and awareness of the environment. 11. Anderson, D. W.; and J. O. Kieth. THE HUMAN INFLUENCE ON SEABIRD NESTING SUCCESS: CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS. Biol. Conserv.; 18:65-80. 1980. Studies of brown pelicans and Heerman?s gulls indicated that disturbances by recreationists, educational groups, and scientists could seriously disrupt seabird breeding on the coast of Baja California. Human disturbances lead to inter- and intra-specific behavioral imbalances in seabirds. Methods for minimizing disturbances are discussed (Boyle and Sampson 1983). 12. Anderson, E. M. *A CRITICAL REVIEW AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LITERATURE ON THE BOBCAT. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Special Report No. 62. 61 pp. 1987. 13. Anderson, S. H. *COMPARATIVE FOOD HABITS IN OREGON NUTHATCHES. Northwest Sci.; 50:213-221. 1976. 14. Anderson, S. H. RECREATIONAL DISTURBANCE AND WILDLIFE POPULATIONS. In R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller, eds. Wildlife and Recreation: Coexistence Through Management and Research. Island Press. Washington, D.C. 1995. 15. Anthony, A. and E. Ackerman. EFFECTS OF NOISE ON THE BLOOD EOSINOPHIL LEVELS AND ADRENALS OF MICE. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 27(6):1144-1149. 1955. 16. Anthony, R. G., R. J. Steidl, and K. McGarigal. RECREATION AND BALD EAGLES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. In: Wildlife and Recreation: Coexistence Through Management and Research, R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller, eds., pp. 223-241. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 1995. Human disturbance is most serious for eagles that depend on large fish or mammal carcasses as their major food source. 17. Armstrong, F. H. *NOTES ON SOREX PREBLEI IN WASHINGTON STATE. Murrelet; 38:6. 1957. 18. Aune, K. E. IMPACT OF WINTER RECREATIONISTS ON WILDLIFE IN A PORTION OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, WYOMING. M.S. thesis; Montana State Univ., Bozeman. 111 pp. 1981. General responses of wildlife to winter recreationists in Yellowstone National Park were attention or alarm, light, and, rarely, aggression. Responses varied with the species involved, nature of the disturbance, and time of season. Winter recreation activities was not a major factor influencing wildlife distributions, movements, or population sizes, although minor displacement of wildlife from areas adjacent to trails was observed. Management recommendations are presented (Boyle and Sampson 1983). 19. Austin, J. E. WINTER ECOLOGY OF CANADA GEESE IN NORTHCENTRAL MISSOURI. Ph.D., University of Missouri, Columbia. 284 pp. 1988. Canada geese tended to spend more of their time in agricultural habitats where they were more vulnerable to disturbances than in seasonal wetlands in the refuge interior or the water roost sites. Vigilance of waterfowl did not differ by habitat in the hunting season, thus the effects of disturbances by hunters are far-reaching. All use of wetlands in late fall occurred in the refuge interior, which is not hunted. However, in response to gunshots from the hunting zone, geese in the refuge interior often ceased other activities and, at least briefly, became alert or vigilant. Habituation of Canada geese to disturbances in some locations may account for the lower vigilance of geese in pastures in winter. These pastures seemed to be traditionally used by geese and may be considered safe fields. Geese seemed to avoid or leave locations where excessive disturbances restricted feeding and where they did not habituate to disturbances. 20. Bailey, T. N. *FACTORS OF BOBCAT SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND SOME MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS. Pages 984-1000 in: J. A. Chapman and D. Pursley, eds. Proc. Worldwide Furbearer Conf., Frostburg, MD. 1981. 21. Baldwin M. F., and D. H. Stoddard. THE OFF-ROAD VEHICLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. Second edition, the Conservation Foundation; Washington, D.C. 61 pp. plus foldout chart. 1973. This report updates an earlier edition describing the effects of off-road vehicles, particularly snowmobiles. A section on fish and wildlife reviews literature describing harassment of wildlife, and legal responses to adverse impacts of off-road vehicles on wildlife. Policies for control of environmental impacts are suggested (Boyle and Sampson 1983). 22. Baldwin, F. M. THE OFF-ROAD VEHICLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY; A REPORT ON THE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, PARTICULARLY SNOWMOBILES, WITH SUGGESTED POLICIES FOR THEIR CONTROL. The Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C. 52 pp. 1970. Clearly the effective way to protect fish and wildlife is not by restricting hunting or harassment alone, but by banning these vehicles from important habitats (p.25). 23. Baldwin, M. F. and D. H. Stoddard, Jr. THE OFF-ROAD VEHICLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY: AN UPDATED REPORT ON THE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, PARTICULARLY SNOWMOBILES, WITH SUGGESTED POLICIES FOR THEIR CONTROL. 2nd ed. Conservation Foundation. Washington, D.C. 61 pp. 1973. 24. Baldwin, M. F. THE SNOWMOBILE AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. Living Wilderness; 32(104):14-17. 1968. Recreational uses of snowmobiles is examined in terms of effects on environmental quality through noise, fumes, and impacts on fish, wildlife and trails. Harassment of wild game, nongame, and predators by snowmobile users is described. Policy recommendations are suggested and discussed (Boyle and Sampson 1983). 25. Banko, W. E. *THE TRUMPETER SWAN. N. Am. Fauna 63, U.S. Fish Wildl. Ser., Washington, D.C. 214 pp. 1960. 26. Basil, J. V.; and T. N. Lonner. VEHICLE RESTRICTIONS INFLUENCE ELK AND HUNTER DISTRIBUTION IN MONTANA. J. Forestry; 77:155-159. 1979. 27. Batcheler, C. L. COMPENSATORY RESPONSES OF ARTIFICIALLY CONTROLLED MAMMAL POPULATIONS. Proc. of the New Zealand Ecol. Soc.; 15:25-30. 1968. 28. Bayfield, N. G. SOME EFFECTS OF WALKING AND SKIING ON VEGETATION AT CAIRNGORM. J. Applied Ecology 7:469-485. 1970. 29. Bear, G. D.; and G. W. Jones. HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION OF BIGHORN SHEEP IN COLORADO. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver, CO. 232 pp. 1973. Available information on the history, distribution, population trends, and ecological factors for bighorn sheep herds in Colorado are summarized. Human influences are discussed for each of the herds; while few quantitative data are available, observations suggest that in many cases, such as camping, hiking, and driving off-road vehicles, influence sheep distributions and activities (Boyle and Sampson 1983). 30. Beier, P. DETERMINING MINIMUM HABITAT AREAS AND HABITAT CORRIDORS FOR COUGARS. Conserv. Biol. 7:94-108. 1993. 31. Belanger, L.; and J. Berdard. ENERGETIC COST OF MAN-INDUCED DISTURBANCE TO STAGING SNOW GEESE. J. Wildl. Manage.; 54:36-41. 1990. 32. Bell, J. N. WILD ANIMALS ARE WILD. Natl. Wildl.; 1(5):34-36. 1963. Problems of human-wildlife interactions in National Parks are described in this popular article. Park visitors unaware of the potential hazards of confrontations with wildlife sometimes create dangerous situations by inappropriate behavior. Park visitors are entitled to wildlife viewing experiences, but must be educated about wildlife behavior and maintain respect for wild animals (Boyle and Sampson 1983). 33. Bennett, L. E. COLORADO GRAY WOLF RECOVERY: A BIOLOGICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY. Univ. Wyo. Coop. Fish Wildl. Res. Unit. Laramie. 318 pp. 1994. 34. Bennett, L. E. A REVIEW OF POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF WINTER RECREATION ON WILDLIFE IN GRAND TETON AND YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARKS: A BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE. Final Report. Mimeo. Sponsored by U.S. National Park Service in cooperation with Univ. of Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Laramie. 141 pp. 1995. 35. Berry, K. H. A REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES ON BIRDS AND OTHER VERTEBRATES. In: Management of Western Forests and Grasslands for Nongame Birds. Workshop Proceedings. U.S. For. Srv., Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-86, pp. 451-467. 1980. 36. Berwick, S. H. OBSERVATIONS ON THE DECLINE OF THE ROCK CREEK, MONTANA, POPULATION OF BIGHORN SHEEP. M.S. thesis; Univ. of Montana, Missoula. 245 pp. 1968. Among factors that may be responsible for an observed decline in a Montana bighorn sheep population are human disturbance and harassment of sheep. Snowmobile use of an important segment of sheep winter range is increasing. It is suggested that harassment may be debilitating to winter-stressed animals (Boyle and Sampson 1983). 37. Bess, F. H. THE EFFECT OF SNOWMOBILE NOISE ON THE HEARING MECHANISM. Proceedings of the 1971 Snowmobile and Off-Road Vehicle Research Symposium. Sponsored by the Dept. of Park and Recreation Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing. 1971. 38. Bird, D. M. BIRDS OF PREY: A PLEA FOR ETHICS. Ont. Nat.; 17(5):16-23. 1978. Problems facing birds of prey are described in this nontechnical article. Effects of man on raptors are discussed, including impacts on research, wildlife photography, and bird watching. Disturbances of birds by these activities can cause adults to abandon nests, and decrease survival of eggs and young through predation or exposure. Education of public on the values of birds of prey is essential for their protection (Boyle and Sampson 1983). 39. Bissell, L. P. THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IMPACT OF SNOWMOBILES. In: Proceedings 3rd International Snowmobile Congress, Portland, Maine. pp.58-62. 1970. 40. Bjarvall, A. NORTH AMERICAN STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF SNOWMOBILES ON FAUNA. Flora Fauna. 1974. 41. Blackford, J. L. *WOODPECKER CONCENTRATION IN BURNED FOREST. Condor; 57:28-30. 1955. 42. Blangley, S. and M. E. Wood. DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING ECOTOURISM GUIDELINES FOR WILDLANDS AND NEIGHBORING COMMUNITIES. In: Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers, K. Lindberg and D. E. Hawkins, eds., pp. 32-54. North Bennington, Vermont; The Ecoturism Society. 1993. 43. Blokpoel, H. AN ATTEMPT TO EVALAUTE THE IMPACT OF CANNON-NETTING IN CASPIAN TERN COLONIES. Colon. Waterbirds; 4:61-67. 1981. From studies of Caspian terns on Lake Huron, Ontario, it was found that visits to tern colonies resulted in losses of eggs to predation by gulls. Human activities at tern nesting colonies should be restricted until more is known about the nature and extent of human-induced nest losses (Boyle and Sampson 1983). 44. Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. *ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF THE THREE-TOED WOODPECKERS. Am. Midl. Nat.; 92:397-405. 1974. 45. Bollinger, J. G., O. J. Rongstad, A. Soom, and R. G. Eckstein. SNOWMOBILE NOISE EFFECTS ON WILDLIFE. 1972-1973 report. Engineering Exp. Sta., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison. 85pp. 1973. 46. Boucher, J., and T. A. Tattar. SNOWMOBILE IMPACT ON VEGETATION. Forest Notes 120:27-28. 1974. 47. Bowles, A. E. RESPONSES OF WILDLIFE TO NOISE. In: Wildlife and Recreation: Coexistence Through Management and Research, R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller, eds., pp. 109-156. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 1995. 48. Bowles, A., B. Tabachnick, and S. Fidell, eds. REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT OVERFLIGHTS ON WILDLIFE. National Park Service, Report No. 7500. 373 pp. 1991. This three-volume compilation, with bibliography, reviews various studies conducted on the effects of aircraft noise on wildlife. A summary draws conclusions. Includes general disturbance factors. 49. Boyce, M. S. POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23:481-506. 1992. 50. Boyce, M. S.; and L. D. Hayden-Wing. *NORTH AMERICAN ELK: ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND MANAGEMENT. Univ. Wyo., Laramie. 294 pp. 1971. 51. Boyd, R. J. *AMERICAN ELK. Pages 10-29 in: J. D. Schmidt and D. L. Gilbert, eds. Big game of North America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA., and Wildl. Manage. Inst., Washington, D.C. 1978. 52. Boyle, S. A. and F. B. Samson. EFFECTS OF NONCONSUMPTIVE RECREATION ON WILDLIFE: A REVIEW. Wildlife Society Bull. 13(2):110-116. 1985. A literature review of 536 references which showed negative effects for most types of recreational activity. Suggests four management alternatives including ?sacrifice? areas. 53. Boyle, S. A. and F. B. Samson. EFFECTS OF NONCONSUMPTIVE RECREATION ON WILDLIFE: A REVIEW. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 13:110-116. 1985. 54. Boyle, S. A.; and F. B. Samson. NONCONSUMPTIVE OUTDOOR RECREATION: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HUMAN -WILDLIFE INTERACTIONS. USDI, U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Special Sci. Rep. No. 252. 1983. *Annotated Bibliography. 55. Brand, C. J.; L. B. Keith; and C. A. Fischer. *LYNX RESPONSES TO CHANGING SNOWSHOE HARE DENSITIES IN CENTRAL ALBERTA. J. Wildl. Manage.; 40:416-428. 1976. 56. Budowski, G. TOURISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION: CONFLICT, COEXISTENCE, OR SYMBIOSIS? Environ. Conserv.; 3:27-31. 1976. Relationships between tourism and conservation are described as conflicting, coexisting, or symbiotic. Widespread environmental degradation has often resulted from tourism, as many places visited by tourists support fragile ecosystems. Proper attitudes and management schemes can lead to symbiotic relationships instead of conflicts (Boyle ans Sampson 1983). 57. Buehler, D. A.; T. J. Mersmann; J. D. Fraser; and J. K. D. Seegar. EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY ON BALD EAGLE DISTRIBUTION ON THE NORTHERN CHESAPEAKE BAY. J, Wildl. Manage.; 55:282-290. 1991. 58. Buehler, D. A.; T. J. Mersmann; J. D. Fraser; and J. D. Seegar. NONBREEDING BALD EAGLE COMMUNAL AND SOLITARY ROSSTING BEHAVIOR AND ROOST HABITAT ON THE NORTHERN CHESAPEAKE BAY. J. Wildl. Manage. 55(2):273-281. 1990. The authors studied roosting behavior and habitat use of nonbreeding bald eagles on the northern Chesapeake Bay during 1986-1989. Results of the study included the recommendation that a 1,360-m-wide shoreline management zone that extends 1,400 m inland should be provided to encompass roost sites and provide a buffer from human disturbance. 59. Buell, N. E. REFUGE RECREATION: HIGH STANDARDS EQUAL QUALITY. Living Wilderness; 31(98):24-26. 1967. The role of U.S. National Wildlife Refuges in providing recreational opportunities is discussed in this popular article. Planning for recreation on refuges is based on the view that quality of experience rather than quantity of use is most desirable to visitors and protected wildlife. Responsibilities and approaches to recreation management are discussed (Boyle and Samson 1983). 60. Bull, E. L. *ECOLOGY OF THE PILEATED WOODPECKER IN NORTHEASTERN OREGON. J. Wildl. Manage.; 51(2):472-481. 1987. 61. Bull, E. L.; and M. G. Henjum. *THE NEIGHBORLY GREAT GRAY OWL. Natural History; 9:32-41. 1987. 62. Burger, J. THE EFFECT OF HUMAN ACTIVITY ON SHOREBIRDS IN TWO COASTAL BAYS IN NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES. Environ. Conserv.; 13:123. 1986. 63. Burger, J. FORAGING BEHAVIOR AND THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN DISTURBANCE ON THE PIPING PLOVER. J. Coast. Res.; 7:39-52. 1991. 64. Burk, D. ed. *THE BLACK BEAR IN MODERN NORTH AMERICA. Proc. of the workshop on the management biology of the North American black bear, Kalispell, MT., 17-19 Feb 1977. Boone and Crockett Club, New York, and Amwell Press, Clinton, N.J. 300 pp. 1979. 65. Burkey, T. V. EXTINCTION IN NATURE RESERVES: THE EFFECT OF FRAGMENTATION AND THE IMPORTANCE OF MIGRATION BETWEEN RESERVE FRAGMENTS. Oikos 55:75-81. 1989. 66. Bury, R. EFFECTS OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES ON DESERT VERTEBRATES. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 56(2):40. 1975. text continued on website

Keywords: bibliography, human activity, wildlife, management, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park, mammal, bird, fish, habitat